[ Note: This is Sam Shamoun's "old index page". His most recent articles are listed on this page. ]

A Series of Answers to Common Questions and Claims

• If Jesus is God ... how can God die? (Who was running the universe those three days that Jesus was dead?)
• If Jesus is God ... was he praying to himself?
• Since Jesus has a God, how can he be God himself?
• Is Jesus God because he did mighty miracles?
• Jesus says that the Father is greater than he is, proving that he is not God.
• Jesus said that all authority was given to him, ... which means that Jesus cannot be God.
• How can Jesus be God, when he calls the Father the only true God?
• If Yahweh alone is the Creator, and Jesus a servant sent by him, how can Jesus be God?
• How can Jesus be God when he will be in eternal subjection?
• How can Jesus be God when he denies being all-powerful?
• Jesus wept, slept, was hungry and thirsty, but God never sleeps, thirsts or hungers
• Did Jesus become the Son of God only through his virgin birth?
• The Bible says that God cannot be tempted, yet Jesus is said to have been tempted ...
• If Jesus really is God how could Satan tempt him?
• How can Jesus be God when he says that only God is good?
• Whoever is good, is also God?
• How can Jesus be God when the Hebrew Bible says God is not a man?
• God has many sons who are not divine. Why then would Jesus be?
• Since God cannot change, but Jesus did, how can he be God?
• Why did the Son die? (If God so loved the world, why did he not come himself to die for us?)
• Objections to Jesus' Pre-existence
• God spoke through his Son only "in these last days", thus he could not have been the Angel of the Lord in the Old Testament
• Jesus allegedly emptied himself of Deity, which is impossible for God to do
• What does it mean that Jesus was made Lord?
• How can Jesus be God if he is given the name Lord only at his exaltation?
• Does being called "Kyrios" really imply Deity?
• Is the Savior necessarily God?
• Doesn't Jesus' calling "belief that God is One" the greatest command disprove that he believed in the Trinity?
• Doesn't the Bible (also) present Melchizedek as possessing divine attributes?
• Paul says there is only one God, and that is the Father, this means that Jesus is not God.
• Since the Bible states that God has never been seen, Jesus cannot be God! [Part 1], [Part 2]
• Doesn't Jesus say that the Spirit does not know everything? How can he then be God?
• Did God want Christ's followers to be called Christians?
• Why did Jesus curse the fig tree for not bearing fruit, although it was not even fig season?
• Did Jesus deny the ascension of Elijah and Enoch?
• Did the Jews Misunderstand Jesus?
• Jesus' Authority To Forgive Sins
• Does the Apostles' ability to forgive sins imply their deity, too?
• Since Baptism is "for the forgiveness of sins", does that not imply that Jesus was a sinner?
• What about God commanding the annihilation of the Amalekites?
• Why did Matthew not record even a single one of Jesus' "I AM" Sayings which are found in John's Gospel?
• Why did Jesus never say, "I am God, and there is none else"?
• Was Jesus a created being after all?
• The authenticity and implications of the baptismal formula in Matthew 28:19
• A Misquotation of the Old Testament in the New Testament?
• Did Paul slander the Law?
• Did Jesus claim that salvation comes from observing the Law?
• Doesn't Ezekiel 18 show that God does not require perfect obedience but expects us to sin?
• God's Promise to Abraham's Offspring: Singular or Plural?
• Doesn't the Bible degrade women, placing them on the level of animals and possessions?
• Should or should we not trust a/the son of man?
• How can the Bible be inspired when it contains passages that are merely Paul's personal opinion?
• Isn't Muhammad "that prophet" awaited by the Jews?
• Wasn't Muhammad announced by John the Baptist?
• If being called God proves that Jesus is the Almighty wouldn't the same hold for Moses?
• What about 2 Corinthians 4:4?

General Issues

• Biblical Consummation versus Islamic Abrogation: [Part 1], [Part 2]
• A Christian Defense of the Gospel to the Muslims
• Christian Answers to Muslim Charges
• The New Testament Documents and the Historicity of the Resurrection
• Dr. Badawi's repeated Misinformation and Misquotations:
  [Part 1], [Part 2], [Part 3], [Part 4], [Part 5], [Part 6]
• Dr. Badawi's offer of a million dollars for "Holy War"
• Dr. Jamal Badawi and Shirk
• Women in Islam: [Part 1], [Part 2], [Part 3], [Part 4]
• Women in the Bible: [Part 1], [Part 2]
• Does the Old Testament Condone Rape?
• The Holy Bible on the Age of Marriage
• The Historicity of Jonah Examined
• The Challenge (On an alleged distortion of the Torah by the Apostle Paul)
• An Open Challenge to all Muslims
• More Open Challenges to Muslims
• Challenging Muslims regarding the Quran's teaching on the Trinity
• Another Open Challenge to Muslims

Theological Issues

• Islam and Monotheism (Reassessing Muslim Claims Regarding the Absolute Worship and Unity of Allah)
• The Muslim Criteria For God
• On Serving Others Besides Allah — The Hypocrisy and Blasphemy of Islam: [Part 1], [Part 2], [Part 3]
• Allah's Guessing Game - Is Allah an All-Knowing God?
• The Imperfection of Allah
• Allah's omnipotence and the (im)possibility of the incarnation
• Is Allah the God of the Bible?
• Allah's Oaths
• Allah's Pride
• Allah as a Deceiver
• Allah – The Greatest Deceiver of them All
• The (In)Justice of Allah Examined
• Allah - An Immaterial Entity or an Invisible Man?
• Allah: An Exalted Woman? Examining the Issue of Allah's Veil
• The Annihilation of Allah (A Question and Challenge to Salafi Anthropomorphists)
• Can Allah be seen and did Muhammad see his Lord?
• The Uncreatedness of the Quran and the Unity of Allah: A Brief Critique of Islamic Monotheism
• The Quran's many Gods and Lords
• Does Yahweh Really Deceive?
• Where is Allah Exactly?
• Allah as the Inheritor of Creation
• Plurality in the Old Testament (Part 1, Part 2)
• Isaiah 6 and its Trinitarian Implications
• The Aaronic Priestly Blessing – A Trinitarian Invocation
• The Heavenly Tabernacle: The Dwelling Place of the Triune God
• Eusebius and the Trinitarian Baptismal Formula: Exposing Jamal Badawi's Desperate Tirade Against the Trinity
• The Quran, Allah and Plurality Issues
• As-Samad: The Quran's Teaching on Islamic Monotheism
• Ahad: Monotheism vs. Eloquence of the Quran
• Is the Quran An Implicit Endorsement and Continuation of Arab Paganism?

Christological Issues

• Jesus Christ in the Bible
• The New Testament on the Worship given to Jesus: Its Significance and Implications for the Deity of Christ
• All the Nations will serve Him (on the worship given to the Messiah in the Old Testament)
• Jesus and Latreuo (an investigation how the Bible applies the Greek word for "worship" to Jesus)
• Is the Prophet Daniel Worshiped as God?
• Jesus As The Way, The Truth, And The Life: An Examination of John 14:6 in Light of Muslim Claims
• The Sonship of Christ: Eternal or Temporal?
• The Eternal Generation of the Son
• Christ the Heir
• Lukan Christological Preexistence: More Evidence for the Deity of Christ from the Third Gospel
• Christological Preexistence: Analyzing Jesus' Prehuman Existence in light of the Synoptic Gospels
• Jesus as the Son of God: A Biblical Exegesis
• Jesus Christ – Son of God or God the Son?
• Jesus – God the Son
• The Blood of God
• The Gospel Q and the Identity of Jesus
• Jesus as the Occupier of God's Heavenly Throne
• Jesus Christ, the Justifier and Forgiver of Sinners
• The Lord Jesus: Our Divine Redeemer
• The Exalted Lord of Glory: Jesus as the Most High God
• The Lord Jesus – the Maker and Ruler of Creation
• The Lord Jesus: The Divine Son who is Superior to all Creation
• Revisiting the Omniscience of the Lord Jesus Christ – A Markan Perspective
• The Truth of John 1:1
• Jesus Christ: The God Who is All in All
• "I Say: Ye Are Gods" — An Examination of Jesus' Use of Psalm 82:6 in Defense of his Deity
• Examining Psalm 110:1 — A look at Its Implications on God being a Multi-Personal Being and upon the Deity of Christ
• An Examination of John 1:1, 8:58 and Colossians 2:9 and their Significance for New Testament Christology
• The Supremacy of Jesus according to Hebrews 1
• Jesus as Thomas' God: Responding to Badawi's Appeal to NT Greek Grammar
• Jesus as Preexistent Son of God (also responding to Jamal Badawi)
• Is there an Evolution in NT Christology? —
  Analyzing Muslim Claims That the Christological Portraits of the Bible Are Contradictory: [Part 1], [Part 2]
• Jesus Is Yahweh: Examining the New Testament Use of Old Testament Passages to Demonstrate the Deity of the Lord Jesus Christ
• The Deity of the Messiah in Isaiah and in light of New Testament Exegesis
• Jesus as Yahweh: Examining Paul's use of Lord in reference to Christ
• The Lord Jesus Christ – The Glorious Messenger of God
• The Divine Name and Glory of Yahweh – More Biblical Evidence for the Deity of God’s unique Angel/Son
• Jesus Christ – The God of Gods and the Prince of princes
• Jesus Christ – The Divine Son whom the Father Himself Praises and Glorifies as the Lord God!
• Jesus Christ – The Mighty God: More OT Evidence for the Deity of the Messiah
• The Exaltation of the Messiah in Isaiah – Additional OT Evidence for the Deity of Christ
• Jesus Christ the Exalted Lord – Not just a god but the Most High God of all
• Jesus Christ – King of kings and Lord of lords
• The Lord's Prayer – More Proof for the Deity of Christ
• The Lord Jesus Christ – The Son of God who is Equal with the Father in Essence
• Jesus Christ – The Exalted God-man!
• Answers to 12 Anti-Trinitarian Arguments
• "60 Questions For The Christians" Answered — Part 1: Trinity
• Answers to "Top Ten Reasons to Reject Jesus’ Divinity!"
• Origen's Christology
• Jesus or Muhammad: Who is God's True Seal of Prophethood?
• The Jewish Messiah And The Prophet of Islam
• The Concept of Messiah in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran
• The Messiah as Israel's God and King: More Evidence from the Hebrew Bible for the Deity of the Messiah
• Jesus as the Judge of All the Earth: Additional Evidence from the New Testament for the Deity of Christ
• Jesus’ Divine Claims and Islam: An Examination of Biblical Christology In Light of the Quranic View of Allah’s Attributes
• Examining Jesus' Divine Claims in light of the Quranic View of Allah's Names and Attributes
• The Dead Sea Scrolls and God’s Uniplurality: Some Observations on Melchizedek
• Al-Tabari On the Birth, Life, Death and Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ
• Jesus in the Qur'an and the Bible: [Part I], [Part II], [Part III]
• The Birth Narratives of Jesus in the Quran: A Christian Analysis
• The Quran Agrees: Jesus is the most Exalted of all
• The Quran Also Agrees: Jesus Is the Most High!
• Jesus as the Mercy of Allah: More Quranic Evidence for the Divinity of Christ
• Jesus Christ: Islam's Greatest Prophet and Messenger
• Mary in the Islamic Perspective: Additional Proof for Jesus' Superiority over the Prophet of Islam
• Mary the Mother of Jesus: A Houri in Paradise?
• Jesus is from the Seed of David
• Jesus in the Rabbinic Traditions
• An Examination of the Uniqueness of Christ In A Pluralistic Age

Quranic Issues

• Parallel Passages of the Quranic Text: CONCILIATION OR CONFLICT?
• Allah, Adam, and the Angels
• Variant Readings of the Quran
• Islam and Stoning: A Case Study Into the Textual Corruption Of the Quran
• The Quranic Witness to Biblical Authority: [Part 1], [Part 2], [Part 3]
• The Quran Confirms the Bible Has Never Been Corrupted: [Part 1], [Part 2]
• The Quran, Bible Preservation and the Crucifixion
• Tahrif and the Torah: The views of the early Muslim Writers and Polemicists on the authenticity of the Hebrew Scriptures
• The Classical Muslim Commentators and their Exegesis of Surah 5:48 — Muhaimin and Its Relation to the Integrity of the Holy Bible
• The Quran as Guardian of the Bible: Revisiting the Meaning of Muhaymin
• The Challenge of the Quran and Its Implications for the Muslim Corruption Charges
• The Quran and the Unlettered Prophet: Jesus or Muhammad?
• The Crucifixion of Christ - A Christian Critique of the Quran
• The Quran and the Holy Trinity
• Muhammad's attempt of damage control (How Surah 3:7 suddenly makes sense)
• The Quran on Jesus as the Preexistent Spirit of Allah
• The Quranic View of Christians - Fellow Believers or Unbelieving Polytheists?
• The Quran on Christians: Those Who Have Strayed or the Guided Ones?
• Does Q. 29:46 confirm the veracity of the Holy Bible?
• Are Jews and Christians Mushriks according to the Quran? (responding to Dr. Jamal Badawi)
• The Myth of Islamic Tolerance (responding to Dr. Jamal Badawi)
• Seven Wonders of the Quran (responding to Dr. Jamal Badawi)
• The Quran on Muslims Entering Hell
• Does the Quran Teach a Local Flood? and Some questions on the Flood answered
• The Days of Creation in the Quran: Literal or Indefinite Periods of Time?
• The Quran and the Shape of the Earth
• The Rock that Gave Birth to a Camel & The Mysterious Body on Solomon's Throne
• Muhammad and the Daughters of Allah: A Summation of the Evidence for the Satanic Verses
• The Message of the Qur'an: Worship of Allah Alone?
• Surat Ar-Rum Revisited
• Abraham, Mecca and the Qibla
• The Quran's Mistakes regarding the Biblical Patriarchs
• Fully Detailed Or Incomplete? E.g., The Statements On Wine
• How the Wives of Muhammad Helped Shape the Muslim Scripture
• Islamic Scholarship on the Issue of Incest and Sodomy
• Muhammad and the Unbelievers: Worshipping the Same or a Different God?
• To Intercede or Not To Intercede? That is the Question!
• Pharaoh's Magicians - Muslims or Rejectors of Faith?
• Who Suffers the Consequence of Sins according to the Qur'an?
• Islam's Unjust Punishments: Examining the Quran's Ruling on the Consequence of Premeditated Murder
• What about Jonah?
• Messengers Amongst the Jinns and Angels?
• Is Satan an Angel or a Jinn?

Analysis of Muhammad

• Muhammad in the Bible
• Is Muhammad predicted in the Gospel of John?
• Muhammad's False Prophecies
• Muhammad and Miracles
• Muhammad and Poison
• Jews, the Messiah, and the Prophet of Islam
• Muhammad and Idolatry
• Muhammad – The Prophet of Shirk
• Did the religion of Islam completely eradicate Arab paganism?
• Muhammad's changing of the Qiblah
• Evidence for Muhammad Being Deceived
• Muhammad the compromiser and doubter
• Muhammad and the Mosaic Law
• Muhammad and the Meccans: Who Antagonized Whom?
• Muhammad's Excessive Cruelty
• The Deaths of Asma and Abu Afak: Examining the Historical Basis for these Murders
• Muhammad's Alleged Night Journey to the Jerusalem Temple
• Muhammad and the Making of Wills
• Ishmael is not the Father of Muhammad and Part 2
• Zaid, Zaynab and Muhammad
• Muhammad and Aisha:
  • Part 1: Muhammad's Marriage to a Prepubescent Girl And Its Moral Implications
  • Part 2: Analyzing the Claims of Muslim Polemicists
  • Part 3: The Marriage of Umar ibn Khattab and Umm Kulthum
• Muhammad's ‘divinely appointed’ marriage(s)
• Muhammad, Zaid and Zaynab Revisited
• Muhammad's Treatment of Sauda Bint Zamah
• Mary, Muhammad's Concubine
• An Examination of Muhammad’s Marriage Privileges
• Muhammad’s Multiplicity of Marriages
• Muhammad's Multiple Marriages: A Dawagandist Seeks to Defend the Indefensible
• Never Shall He Be Satisfied: Responding to one Muslim Polemicist's Defense of Muhammad's Multiple Marriages
• Muhammad and the treatment of wives
• What is the Seal of Prophethood?
• Is Muhammad the Last Prophet?
• Muhammad as Al-Amin (the Trustworthy) or: How his enemies really viewed him
• How Muhammad’s Contemporaries Really Viewed Him (an analysis of the witness of the Quran concerning the opinions of the disbelievers regarding the prophet of Islam)
• Is Muhammad Superior to Angels?
• Muhammad as the Mediator of Redemption and Forgiveness
• To Read or Recite? That is the Question! (Was Muhammad Really Illiterate?)

Analysis of the Hadith Literature

• Will Muslims Enter Hell? An Analysis of the Conflicting Hadith Reports
• Hadith Cosmology
• The Amazing Fables of Islam
• Talking Beasts and Insects: Revisiting the Amazing Fables of Islam
• Islam and the Magical World of Genies and Dragons
• Islamic Science Fiction: The Thunder and the Moon

Polemical Issues

• Abraham and the Child of Sacrifice - Isaac or Ishmael?
• The Ishmaelites and the Worship of God
• Is "the Holy Spirit" only another name for the Angel Gabriel?
• The Apostles of Christ: Messengers of God or Mere Disciples?
• The Quran Affirms: Paul Passed On The True Gospel of Christ
• Meeting the Quranic Challenge: How Muhammad's Sunna Trumps Allah's Book
• Islam and the Sins of the Prophets
• Adam and Eve: The First of the Polytheists and Associators?
• Sunni Islam's Real Shahadah
• Islam's Doctrine of Substitutionary Atonement and the Ransoming of Sinners
• Islam and The Nursing of Adults
• Cross Dressing and Islam: An examination of Muhammad's Dress Code
• The Quran's Confused Stance on Sexual Ethics
• Islam and Wine Consumption
• The Quran's use of Filial Terms: A Critique of Muslim Arguments against Jesus being the Son of God
• Jewish and Christian Converts to Islam: Some Questions for Muslims to Ponder
• Allah and Nudity

Sam Shamoun's newest articles are now published in this section.

Many more articles by Sam Shamoun are found in the section of Rebuttals to Muslim Polemics
answering various Muslim writers and speakers whose material is found on the internet.

Sam Shamoun welcomes your feedback, questions, disagreements, etc..

Debate Challenges

• Sam Shamoun's Challenge to Shabir Ally
• Debate Challenges by Nadir Ahmed
• Jalal Abualrub Challenges Sam Shamoun to Debate

Debate Material

• Is the Quran the Word of God? (Material for a debate with Shabir Ally)
• Is Islam a religion of Peace? (Material for a debate with Nadir Ahmed)

Articles by Sam Shamoun on other websites

• Biblical Monotheism Examined
• Jesus as the Mighty God of Isaiah 9:6: Is Christ Yahweh God, or just one of many mighty gods?
• Hebrews and Jesus as Creator
• Hector Heinz and Job 9:8
• Heinz and Job 9:8 Revisited
• Jesus as ‘a god’ alongside God: Jehovah’s Witnesses and John 1:1
• Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Deity of the Lord Jesus Christ
• Further Heinz Rebuttal
• Jesus Superior to Angels
• Jesus as the Son of God: A Biblical Exegesis
• An Examination of the Uniqueness of Christ in A Pluralistic Age
• Sola Scriptura
• The Compilation of The Quran
• Responses to Nisar Muhammad:
  • St. Paul and Islam
  • Paul and Muhammad Compared
  • The Quranic View of Pauline Christianity
  • Looking at FALSE Christian beliefs in... Son of God (Part 1), Son of God (Part 2), Jesus Christ

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